Friday, 3 May 2019

Total Python Chapters Index


Python Chapters Index

      • What is Python
      • Where are all python is using?
      • History of Python?
      • Why the name was python?
      • Python versions
      • Python supports Functional and OOPs as well
      • Solving a few requirements by using C, Java and python
      • Machine language
      • Translator
      • Interpreter
      • Compiler
      • Python keywords (33)
      • Features of Python
      • Flavors of Python
      • Python versions
      • Programs 
          2. Coding introduction
      • Installing Python on Windows OS
      • Ways to write a python program
      • Python program execution steps
      • Understanding first python program
      • First python program executing by using python IDLE
      • Python program internal flow: Short answer
      • Python program internal flow: Long answer
      • Python Virtual Machine
      • JIT Compiler
      • Programs
      • What is an identifier?
      • Why should we follow naming conventions?
      • Rules to define identifiers in Python:
      • Summary points about rules
      • Validating identifier names by taking examples
      • Python program total identifiers in a simple table
      • Smart suggestions while writing identifiers
      • Indentation and Comments
      • Programs
          4. Variables in python
      • What is variable?
      • Properties of variable
      • Creating variable
      • Invalid cases for variables
      • Multiple variables in a single line
      • Single value for multiple variables
      • Variable re-initialization
      • Programs
          5. Data types in python
      • What is data type?
      •  type() function
      • Different types of data types
      • Built-in data types
      • Numeric types
      • int data type
      • float data type
      • complex data type
      • bool data type (boolean data type)
      • None data type
      • Sequences in Python
      • str data type
      • bytes data type
      • bytearray data type
      • list data structure 
      • tuple data structure       
      • range data type
      • Accessing range values
      • set data structure
      • dictionary data structure
      • User defined data types
      • Converting from one data type into another data type.
      • Programs
          6. Operators
      • What is an operator?
      • Different type of operators
      • Arithmetic Operators
      • Assignment operator
      • Unary minus operator
      • Relational operators
      • Logical operators
      • Membership operators
      • Identity operators
      • Programs   
           7. Input and Output
        • Why should we learn about input and output?
        • Input and output
        • Convert from string type into another type
        • eval() function
        • Command line arguments
        • IndexError
        • len() function
        • Programs
              8. Flow control
        • Why should we learn about flow control?
        • Flow control
        • Sequential flow
        • Conditional flow
        • Looping flow
        • Sequential statements
        • Conditional or Decision-making statements
        • if statement
        • if else statement
        • if elif else statement
        • Looping
        • while loop
        • for loop
        • Infinite loops
        • Nested loops
        • Loops with else block (or) else suit
        • Where loops with else block flow is helpful?
        • break statement
        • continue statement
        • pass statement
        • return statement  
        • Programs
             9. String in python
        • Gentle reminder
        • What is a string?
          • i.    Definition 1
          • ii.    Definition 2
        • String is more popular
        • Creating string
        • When should we go for triple single and triple double quotes?
        • Multi-line string objects
        • Empty string
        • Accessing string characters
        • Indexing in string
        • Python support two types of indexes
          • Positive index
          • Negative index
        • Internal representation
        • Slicing in string
        • Internal representation 
        • Default values
        • String several cases in slicing
        • What is Immutable?
        • Strings are immutable
        • Mathematical operators on string objects
        • Interesting about + and * operators
        • Addition (+) operator with string
        • Multiplication (*) operator with string
        • Length of the string
        • Membership operators
        • Comparing strings
        • Removing spaces from String
        • Predefined methods to removes spaces
        • Finding substrings
        • index() method
        • Counting substring in the given String
        • Replacing a string with another string
        • String objects are immutable, Is replace () method will modify the string objects?
        • Splitting of Strings
        • Joining of Strings
        • Changing case of a String
        • Formatting the Strings
        • Character data type
             10. Function
        • General example why function required
        • When should we go for function?
        • What is Function?
        • Advantage of function
        • Types of function
        • Pre-defined or built-in functions
        • User Defined Functions:
        • Function related terminology
        • Function explanation
        • Defining a function
        • Calling a function
        • Function without parameters
        • Function with parameters
        • return keyword in python
        • return vs None
        • Returning multiple values from a function
        • Function can call other function
        • Understandings
        • Functions are first class objects
        • Assigning a function to variable
        • Pass function as a parameter to another function.
        • Define one function inside another function
        • function can return another function
        • Formal and actual arguments
        • Types of arguments 
        • Positional arguments
        • Keyword arguments
        • Default arguments
        • non-default argument follows default argument
        • Variable length arguments
        • keyword variable length argument (**variable)
        • Function vs Module vs Library:
        • Types of variables
        • Local variables
        • Global variables
        • The global keyword
        • When we can choose global keyword?
        • Recursive function
        • Anonymous functions or Lambdas
        • Advantage
        • A simple difference between normal and lambda functions
        • Where lambda function fits exactly?
        • filter() function
        • map() function
        • reduce() function 
        • Function Aliasing
        • Function decorators
        • Decorator explanation
        • Steps to create decorator
        • @ symbol
        • Function generators
        • next(generator) function
        • Programs
             11. Modules
        • What is module?
        • import module
        • Renaming or aliasing a module
        • from and import keywords
        • import * (star symbol)
        • member aliasing
        • Reloading a Module:  
        • dir() function
        • The Special variable __name__
        • Programs
              12. Package
        • What is package?
        • Advantage
        • Programs
              13List Data structure
        • Why should we learn about data structures?
        • Python Data structures
        • Sequence of elements
        • Introduction about list data structure
        • Creating list
        • Creating empty list
        • Creating list with elements
        • Creating list by using list() function
        • Difference between list() function and list class
        • list having mutable nature
        • Accessing elements from list
        • Accessing list by using index
        • What is Indexing
        • Accessing list elements by Slicing
        • Accessing list by using loops
        • Important functions and methods in list
        • len() function
        • count() method
        • append method
        • insert() method
        • Difference between append and insert
        • extend() method:
        • emove() method
        • op() method:  
        • Difference between remove() and pop() methods
        • Ordering elements of List:
        • reverse(): 
        • sort() method:
        • Aliasing and Cloning of list objects
        • Aliasing list visualization
        • Cloning or Copying
        • By using slice operator
        • By using copy method
        • Mathematical + and * operators
        • Concatenation operator +
        • Repetition operator *
        • Comparison of lists
        • Membership operators
        • Nested Lists
        • list comprehensions
        • Programs
              14Tuple data structure
        • What is tuple data structure?
        • When should we go for tuple data structure?
        • Single value tuple
        • Different ways to create a tuple.
        • empty tuple
        • Single value tuple
        • Tuple with group of values
        • By using tuple() function
        • Accessing elements of tuple:
        • Accessing tuple elements by using Index
        • Accessing tuple elements by using slice operator:
        • Tuple vs immutability:  
        • Mathematical operators on tuple:
        • The concatenation operator (+):
        • Multiplication operator (*)
        • Important functions and methods of Tuple:
        • len() function
        • count() method
        • index() method
        • sorted() function  
        • min() and max() functions:  
        • Tuple packing
        • Tuple unpacking:
        • Tuple comprehension
        • Differences between List and Tuple: 
        • Programs 
             15. Set Data structure
        • What is set data structure?
        • What symbol is required to create set?
        • Set elements separated by what?
        • Creating set by using same type of elements
        • Creating set by using different type of elements
        • Creating set by range() type of elements
        • Difference between set() function and set class
        • Empty set
        • Important function and methods of set:
        • add(x) method
        • update(x, y) method
        • Difference between add() and update() methods in set?  
        • Which of the following are valid for set s?  
        • copy() method
        • pop() method
        • remove(x) method
        • discard(x) method
        • clear() method
        • Mathematical operations on the Set
        • union() method
        • intersection() method
        • difference() method
        • symmetric_difference():
        • Membership operators: (in and not in) 
        • Set Comprehension
        • Remove duplicates in list elements
        • Frozen set
        • Creating frozen set
        • Programs
             16. Dictionary data structure
        • What is dictionary data structure?
        • What symbol is required to create set?
        • Create dictionary
        • Empty dictionary
        • Access values by using keys from dictionary
        • How to handle this KeyError?
        • Update dictionary
        • Removing or deleting elements from dictionary
        • By using del keyword
        • We can delete total dictionary object
        • clear() method
        • Important functions and methods of dictionary
        • dict() function
        • dict({key1:value1, key2:value2}) function
        • dict([tuple1, tuple2])
        • len() function
        • clear() method
        • get() method
        • pop() method
        • popitem() method
        • keys() method
        • values() method
        • items() method
        • copy() method
        • Dictionary Comprehension
        • Programs
            17OOPS Part 1 – class, object, variables, methods etc
        • Before OOPS
        •  Limitations
        • After OOPS
        • Advantages
        • Is Python follows Functional approach or Object-oriented approach
        • OOPs (Object Oriented Programming Principles)
        • Features of Object-Oriented Programming System
        • class
          • i.    Definition 1
          • ii.    Definition 2
        • How to define a class
        • A brief discussion about class
        • self variable
        • object
        • Why should we create an object?
        • What is an object?
          • i.    Definition 1
          • ii.    Definition 2
          •  iii.    Definition 3
          •  iv.    Definition 4
        • Syntax to create an object
        • Calling instance data
        • Can we create more than one object?
        • Constructor
        • What is the main purpose of constructor?
        • When constructor will be executed?
        • How many times constructor will be executed?
        • Is constructor mandatory to define?
        • Can I call constructor explicitly like a method?
        • How many times constructor will be executed?
        • A constructor can contain how many parameters?
        • If constructor having no parameters, then how to define?
        • If trying to print self variable 
        • If constructor having more parameters, then how to define?
        • Difference between methods and constructor
        • Types of Variables:  
          • Instance variables: 
            • What is an instance variable?
            • Separate copy for every object
            • Where should we declare an instance variable?
            • By using constructor
            • The __dict__ attribute
            • By using the instance method
            • By using the object name
            • Accessing instance variable
            • By using self variable
            • By using the object name
            • Every object has a separate copy of variable exists
          • static variable (class level variable)
            • What is a static variable
            • Where can we declare a static variable?
            • Only one copy of the static variable to all objects
            • How can we access a static variable?
            • Instance Variable vs Static Variable
            •  Declaring static variable
              • Inside class and outside of the method
              • Inside constructor
              • Inside instance method
              • Inside classmethod
                • class name
                • cls variable
              • Inside the static method
                • @staticmethod declarator
            • Accessing static variable 
              • Inside constructor
              • Inside instance method
              •  Inside classmethod
              • Inside staticmethod
        • Local variable
          • What is local variable
          • Why we need to use local variable
          • Where can we access local variable
        • Types of methods
          • Instance methods
            • What is the use of Setter and Getter Methods
            •  Setter method
            • Getter Method
          • Class Methods
            • What is class method
            • When we can go to class methods
            • @classmethod decorator
            • How to access class methods
          • static Methods
            • How to declare static method
            • How to access static methods
          • Passing members of one class to another class
          • Inner classes
          • Garbage Collection
          • What is the main objective of Garbage Collector
          • How to enable and disable Garbage Collector in our program:  
          •  Importance functions in gc module
          • gc.isenabled()
          • gc.disable()
          • gc.enable()
          • Programs
             18. OOPS Part 2 – Inheritance
        • What is inheritance
        • Conclusion of the story
        • Advantage
        • How to implement inheritance
        • Types of Inheritance:
          • Single Inheritance
          • Multi-level Inheritance
          • Multiple inheritance
        • Parent classes can contain a method with the same name
        • If parent classes contain a method with the same name, then which method will access by the child class
        • Scenarios
        • Constructors in Inheritance
        • If child class and superclass both having constructors, then?
        • Calling superclass constructor from child class constructors
        • Method Resolution Order (MRO)
        • There are three principles followed by MRO
        • Why should we understand MRO?
        • Is there any predefined method to check the sequence of execution of classes?
        • Demo program 1 for method resolution order
        • Demo Program-2 for Method Resolution Order
        • super() function
        • Which scenario we can use super() function in a child class to call superclass members?
        • Calling method of a specific super class
        • Different cases for super() function
        • Programs
            19OOPS Part 3 – Polymorphism
        • What is Polymorphism
        • Duck Typing Philosophy of Python 
        • Overloading
        • What is overloading
        • Operator Overloading:
        • Is python supports operator overloading?
        • How the operator overloading works in python?
        • Magic methods
        • List of operators and corresponding magic methods.
        • Method Overloading
        • How we can handle the overloaded method requirements in Python
        • Constructor Overloading
        • Constructor with Default Arguments
        • Constructor with Variable Number of Arguments: 
        • Method overriding:
        • Demo Program for Method overriding
        • Constructor overriding 
        • Calling parent class constructor from child class constructor
        • Programs
            20. OOPS Part 4 – abstract class, interface, etc
        • In python which things we can make as an abstract?
        • There are two types of methods in-terms of implementation
        • Implemented method
        • Un-implemented method
        • So, how to declare abstract method
        • abstract method
        •  abstract class
        •  If child class missed to provide abstract methods implementation, then
        •  abstract class can contain concrete methods also
        • Can abstract class contains more sub classes?
        • On which scenario an abstract class contains more than one child classes?
        • Abstract class object creation 
        •  Different cases and scenarios for abstract class object creation
        • Interface
        • What is an interface?
        • When should we go for …?
          •  i.    Interface
          • ii.    Abstract class
          •  iii.    Normal class or concrete class
        • Double underscore (Name mangling)
        • __str__(self) method
        • Programs
             21. Exceptional handling
        • Syntax Errors
        • Programmer responsible
        • Runtime Errors
        • Scenarios where runtime errors will occur?
        • The normal flow of the execution
        • Abnormal flow of the execution
        • What we need to do if a program terminates abnormally
        • What is an Exception?
        • Is it really required to handle the exceptions?
        • What is the meaning of the exception handling?
        • Default Exception Handing in Python: 
        • Exception hierarchy diagram
        • Programmer focus
        • Handling exceptions by using try except
          •   i.    try block
          •  ii.    except block
        • try-except flow
        • Control flow in try and except
          •  i.    7 cases and scenarios with examples
        • Printing exception information
        • try with multiple except blocks
        • Single except block can handle multiple exceptions
        • Default except block
        • finally block
        • Why separate block for clean-up activities, can’t we write inside try and except blocks
        • Coming to the try block
        • Coming to the except block
        • What is the speciality of final block?
        • Control flow about finally block
          •   i.    few cases and scenarios with examples
        • Any situation like, finally will not execute?
        • Control flow in try-except-finally
          •  i.    6 cases and scenarios with examples
        • Nested try-except-finally blocks 
          •    i.    4 cases and scenarios with examples
        • else block with try-except-finally
        • At what time which block
        • Various possible combinations of try-except-else-finally
        • Types of Exceptions
        • Predefined Exceptions
        • User-defined Exceptions
        • User-defined exceptions or Custom Exceptions
        • Steps to follow to Define and Raise Customized Exceptions
        • Programs
              22. File IO
        • What is a file
        • Types of Files
        • Text files
        • Binary Files
        • file modes and their meanings
        • Opening a File
        • Various properties of File Object
        • Writing data to text files
        • Instead of overriding the content, how to append the content to the file
        • writelines(argument)
        • Reading Character Data from text files
        • readline() method
        • readlines() method
        • with keyword
        • Advantage
        • The seek() and tell() methods
        • How to check a specific file exists or not?  
        • sys.exit(0)
        • Program to print the number of lines, words and characters present in the given file?
        • Working with Binary data
        • Working with csv files
        • Zipping and Unzipping Files
        • To create Zip file
        •  To perform unzip operation
        • Working with Directories
        • To know contents of directory
        • Pickling and Unpickling of Objects
        • Programs
             23Database connectivity
        • Data Storage Areas
        • Temporary Storage Areas
        • Permanent Storage Areas
        • File Systems
        • Databases
        • Python Database Programming
        • Standard Steps for Python database Programming
        • import database specific module   
        • Establish Connection.
        • Create Cursor object
        • In-built methods to execute the sql queries
        • commit or rollback
        • Fetch the result from the Cursor
        • close the resources
        • Important methods while working with Database
          • i.    connect() 
          • ii.    cursor() 
          • iii.    execute()
          • iv.    executescript() 
          • v.    executemany() 
          • vi.    commit()
          • vii.     rollback() 
          • viii.    fetchone() 
          • ix.    fetchall() 
          • x.    fetchmany(n)
          • xi.    close() 
        • Working with Oracle Database
        • Installing cx_Oracle:  
        • How to Test Installation
        • Expected common errors while executing programs
        • Programs
             24. Regular expressions
        • What is Regular expression?
        • When should we choose?
        • The main important application areas of Regular Expressions are
        • compile()
        • finditer()
        • On Match object we can call start(), end() and group() methods methods
        • Character classes
        • Pre-defined Character classes:  
        • Quantifiers
        • Important functions of re module
          • i.    match()  
          • ii.    fullmatch()  
          • iii.    search()  
          • iv.    findall()  
          • v.    finditer()  
          • vi.    sub()  
          • vii.    subn()  
          • viii.    split()  
          • ix.    compile()  
        • ^ symbol
        • $ symbol
        • Programs
              25. Multithreading
        • Multi-Tasking
        • Process based Multi-Tasking
        • Where multi-tasking fits?
        • Thread based Multi-tasking
        • Where multi-tasking fits
        • Areas of multi-threading
        • The ways of Creating Thread in Python
        • Creating a Thread without using any class
        • Creating a Thread by inheriting Thread class
        • Creating a Thread without inheriting Thread class
        • Without multi-threading
        • With multithreading
        • Setting and Getting Name of a Thread:  
        • How to get and set name of the thread
        • Thread Identification Number (ident):
        • active_count()
        • enumerate() function
        • isAlive()
        • join() method
        • join(seconds) method
        • Daemon Threads
        • Example: Garbage Collector
        • setDaemon() method
        • Default Nature
        • Main Thread is always Non-Daemon
        • Scenarios from previous program
        • Synchronization
        • How to overcome data inconsistency problems?
        • How to implement synchronization
          • i.    Lock 
          • ii.   RLock 
          • iii. Semaphore
        • Synchronization By using Lock concept:
        • acquire() method
        • release() method
        • Lock()
        • Problem with Simple Lock
        • RLock()
        • Demo Program for synchronization by using RLock:
        • Difference between Lock and RLock
        • Synchronization by using Semaphore
        • How to create a Semaphore object?
        • BoundedSemaphore:
        • Difference between Lock and Semaphore
        • Inter-Thread Communication
        • Interthread communication by using Event Objects
        • Methods of Event class
        • set()
        • clear()
        • isSet()
        • wait() | wait(seconds)
        • Interthread communication by using Condition Object
        • Methods of Condition
        • Interthread communication by using Queue:  
        • Important Methods of Queue
        • Types of Queues
          • FIFO Queue
          • LIFO Queue
          • Propriety Queue
        • Programs
              26. Logging module
        • Why Logging is required?
        • What is Logging
        • The main advantages of logging  
        • Can we use print statement for debugging?
        • logging module
        • How to implement Logging
        • How to configure log file in over writing mode:
        • How to Format log messages:
        • To display only level name:
        • To display levelname and message
        • Add timestamp in the log messages: 
        • change date and time format
        • Writing Python program exceptions to the log file
        • Problems with root logger
        • Need of Our own customized logger: 
        • Advanced logging Module Features
        • Logger
        • Steps for Advanced Logging
        • Demo Program for File Handler:
        • Programs
              27. Data Science
        • What is Data science?
        • Where python is using in Data science?
        • Data science programs by using python
             28. IDEs explanation
        • IntelliJ
        • PyCharm