Total Python Chapters Index

Python Chapters Index

          1. Introduction to Python

• What is Python
• Where are all python is using?
• History of Python?
• Why the name was python?
• Python versions
• Python supports Functional and OOPs as well
• Solving a few requirements by using C, Java and python
• Machine language
• Translator
• Interpreter
• Compiler
• Python keywords (33)
• Features of Python
• Flavors of Python
• Python versions
• Programs 

          2. Coding introduction

• Installing Python on Windows OS
• Ways to write a python program
• Python program execution steps
• Understanding first python program
• First python program executing by using python IDLE
• Python program internal flow: Short answer
• Python program internal flow: Long answer
• Python Virtual Machine
• JIT Compiler
• Programs

          3. Naming conventions in python

• What is an identifier?
• Why should we follow naming conventions?
• Rules to define identifiers in Python:
• Summary points about rules
• Validating identifier names by taking examples
• Python program total identifiers in a simple table
• Smart suggestions while writing identifiers
• Indentation and Comments
• Programs

          4. Variables in python

• What is variable?
• Properties of variable
• Creating variable
• Invalid cases for variables
• Multiple variables in a single line
• Single value for multiple variables
• Variable re-initialization
• Programs

          5. Data types in python

• What is data type?
•  type() function
• Different types of data types
• Built-in data types
• Numeric types
• int data type
• float data type
• complex data type
• bool data type (boolean data type)
• None data type
• Sequences in Python
• str data type
• bytes data type
• bytearray data type
• list data structure 
• tuple data structure       
• range data type
• Accessing range values
• set data structure
• dictionary data structure
• User defined data types
• Converting from one data type into another data type.
• Programs

          6. Operators

• What is an operator?
• Different type of operators
• Arithmetic Operators
• Assignment operator
• Unary minus operator
• Relational operators
• Logical operators
• Membership operators
• Identity operators
• Programs   

           7. Input and Output

• Why should we learn about input and output?
• Input and output
• Convert from string type into another type
• eval() function
• Command line arguments
• IndexError
• len() function
• Programs

          8. Flow control

• Why should we learn about flow control?
• Flow control
• Sequential flow
• Conditional flow
• Looping flow
• Sequential statements
• Conditional or Decision-making statements
• if statement
• if else statement
• if elif else statement
• Looping
• while loop
• for loop
• Infinite loops
• Nested loops
• Loops with else block (or) else suit
• Where loops with else block flow is helpful?
• break statement
• continue statement
• pass statement
• return statement  
• Programs

         9. String in python

• Gentle reminder
• What is a string?
• i.    Definition 1
• ii.    Definition 2
• String is more popular
• Creating string
• When should we go for triple single and triple double quotes?
• Multi-line string objects
• Empty string
• Accessing string characters
• Indexing in string
• Python support two types of indexes
• Positive index
• Negative index
• Internal representation
• Slicing in string
• Internal representation 
• Default values
• String several cases in slicing
• What is Immutable?
• Strings are immutable
• Mathematical operators on string objects
• Interesting about + and * operators
• Addition (+) operator with string
• Multiplication (*) operator with string
• Length of the string
• Membership operators
• Comparing strings
• Removing spaces from String
• Predefined methods to removes spaces
• Finding substrings
• index() method
• Counting substring in the given String
• Replacing a string with another string
• String objects are immutable, Is replace () method will modify the string objects?
• Splitting of Strings
• Joining of Strings
• Changing case of a String
• Formatting the Strings
• Character data type

         10. Function

• General example why function required
• When should we go for function?
• What is Function?
• Advantage of function
• Types of function
• Pre-defined or built-in functions
• User Defined Functions:
• Function related terminology
• Function explanation
• Defining a function
• Calling a function
• Function without parameters
• Function with parameters
• return keyword in python
• return vs None
• Returning multiple values from a function
• Function can call other function
• Understandings
• Functions are first class objects
• Assigning a function to variable
• Pass function as a parameter to another function.
• Define one function inside another function
• function can return another function
• Formal and actual arguments
• Types of arguments 
• Positional arguments
• Keyword arguments
• Default arguments
• non-default argument follows default argument
• Variable length arguments
• keyword variable length argument (**variable)
• Function vs Module vs Library:
• Types of variables
• Local variables
• Global variables
• The global keyword
• When we can choose global keyword?
• Recursive function
• Anonymous functions or Lambdas
• Advantage
• A simple difference between normal and lambda functions
• Where lambda function fits exactly?
• filter() function
• map() function
• reduce() function 
• Function Aliasing
• Function decorators
• Decorator explanation
• Steps to create decorator
• @ symbol
• Function generators
• next(generator) function
• Programs

         11. Modules

• What is module?
• import module
• Renaming or aliasing a module
• from and import keywords
• import * (star symbol)
• member aliasing
• Reloading a Module:  
• dir() function
• The Special variable __name__
• Programs

          12. Package

• What is package?
• Advantage
• Programs

          13. List Data structure

• Why should we learn about data structures?
• Python Data structures
• Sequence of elements
• Introduction about list data structure
• Creating list
• Creating empty list
• Creating list with elements
• Creating list by using list() function
• Difference between list() function and list class
• list having mutable nature
• Accessing elements from list
• Accessing list by using index
• What is Indexing
• Accessing list elements by Slicing
• Accessing list by using loops
• Important functions and methods in list
• len() function
• count() method
• append method
• insert() method
• Difference between append and insert
• extend() method:
• emove() method
• op() method:  
• Difference between remove() and pop() methods
• Ordering elements of List:
• reverse(): 
• sort() method:
• Aliasing and Cloning of list objects
• Aliasing list visualization
• Cloning or Copying
• By using slice operator
• By using copy method
• Mathematical + and * operators
• Concatenation operator +
• Repetition operator *
• Comparison of lists
• Membership operators
• Nested Lists
• list comprehensions
• Programs

          14. Tuple data structure

• What is tuple data structure?
• When should we go for tuple data structure?
• Single value tuple
• Different ways to create a tuple.
• empty tuple
• Single value tuple
• Tuple with group of values
• By using tuple() function
• Accessing elements of tuple:
• Accessing tuple elements by using Index
• Accessing tuple elements by using slice operator:
• Tuple vs immutability:  
• Mathematical operators on tuple:
• The concatenation operator (+):
• Multiplication operator (*)
• Important functions and methods of Tuple:
• len() function
• count() method
• index() method
• sorted() function  
• min() and max() functions:  
• Tuple packing
• Tuple unpacking:
• Tuple comprehension
• Differences between List and Tuple: 
• Programs 

         15. Set Data structure

• What is set data structure?
• What symbol is required to create set?
• Set elements separated by what?
• Creating set by using same type of elements
• Creating set by using different type of elements
• Creating set by range() type of elements
• Difference between set() function and set class
• Empty set
• Important function and methods of set:
• add(x) method
• update(x, y) method
• Difference between add() and update() methods in set?  
• Which of the following are valid for set s?  
• copy() method
• pop() method
• remove(x) method
• discard(x) method
• clear() method
• Mathematical operations on the Set
• union() method
• intersection() method
• difference() method
• symmetric_difference():
• Membership operators: (in and not in) 
• Set Comprehension
• Remove duplicates in list elements
• Frozen set
• Creating frozen set
• Programs

         16. Dictionary data structure

• What is dictionary data structure?
• What symbol is required to create set?
• Create dictionary
• Empty dictionary
• Access values by using keys from dictionary
• How to handle this KeyError?
• Update dictionary
• Removing or deleting elements from dictionary
• By using del keyword
• We can delete total dictionary object
• clear() method
• Important functions and methods of dictionary
• dict() function
• dict({key1:value1, key2:value2}) function
• dict([tuple1, tuple2])
• len() function
• clear() method
• get() method
• pop() method
• popitem() method
• keys() method
• values() method
• items() method
• copy() method
• Dictionary Comprehension
• Programs

        17. OOPS Part 1 – class, object, variables, methods etc

• Before OOPS
•  Limitations
• After OOPS
• Advantages
• Is Python follows Functional approach or Object-oriented approach
• OOPs (Object Oriented Programming Principles)
• Features of Object-Oriented Programming System
• class
• i.    Definition 1
• ii.    Definition 2
• How to define a class
• A brief discussion about class
• self variable
• object
• Why should we create an object?
• What is an object?
• i.    Definition 1
• ii.    Definition 2
•  iii.    Definition 3
•  iv.    Definition 4
• Syntax to create an object
• Calling instance data
• Can we create more than one object?
• Constructor
• What is the main purpose of constructor?
• When constructor will be executed?
• How many times constructor will be executed?
• Is constructor mandatory to define?
• Can I call constructor explicitly like a method?
• How many times constructor will be executed?
• A constructor can contain how many parameters?
• If constructor having no parameters, then how to define?
• If trying to print self variable 
• If constructor having more parameters, then how to define?
• Difference between methods and constructor

• Types of Variables:  
• Instance variables: 
• What is an instance variable?
• Separate copy for every object
• Where should we declare an instance variable?
• By using constructor
• The __dict__ attribute
• By using the instance method
• By using the object name
• Accessing instance variable
• By using self variable
• By using the object name
• Every object has a separate copy of variable exists

• static variable (class level variable)
• What is a static variable
• Where can we declare a static variable?
• Only one copy of the static variable to all objects
• How can we access a static variable?
• Instance Variable vs Static Variable

•  Declaring static variable
• Inside class and outside of the method
• Inside constructor
• Inside instance method
• Inside classmethod
• class name
• cls variable
• Inside the static method
• @staticmethod declarator

• Accessing static variable 
• Inside constructor
• Inside instance method
•  Inside classmethod
• Inside staticmethod
• Local variable
• What is local variable
• Why we need to use local variable
• Where can we access local variable

• Types of methods
• Instance methods
• What is the use of Setter and Getter Methods
•  Setter method
• Getter Method
• Class Methods
• What is class method
• When we can go to class methods
• @classmethod decorator
• How to access class methods
• static Methods
• How to declare static method
• How to access static methods
• Passing members of one class to another class
• Inner classes
• Garbage Collection
• What is the main objective of Garbage Collector
• How to enable and disable Garbage Collector in our program:  
•  Importance functions in gc module
• gc.isenabled()
• gc.disable()
• gc.enable()
• Programs

         18. OOPS Part 2 – Inheritance

• What is inheritance
• Conclusion of the story
• Advantage
• How to implement inheritance
• Types of Inheritance:
• Single Inheritance
• Multi-level Inheritance
• Multiple inheritance
• Parent classes can contain a method with the same name
• If parent classes contain a method with the same name, then which method will access by the child class
• Scenarios
• Constructors in Inheritance
• If child class and superclass both having constructors, then?
• Calling superclass constructor from child class constructors
• Method Resolution Order (MRO)
• There are three principles followed by MRO
• Why should we understand MRO?
• Is there any predefined method to check the sequence of execution of classes?
• Demo program 1 for method resolution order
• Demo Program-2 for Method Resolution Order
• super() function
• Which scenario we can use super() function in a child class to call superclass members?
• Calling method of a specific super class
• Different cases for super() function
• Programs

        19. OOPS Part 3 – Polymorphism

• What is Polymorphism
• Duck Typing Philosophy of Python 
• Overloading
• What is overloading
• Operator Overloading:
• Is python supports operator overloading?
• How the operator overloading works in python?
• Magic methods
• List of operators and corresponding magic methods.
• Method Overloading
• How we can handle the overloaded method requirements in Python
• Constructor Overloading
• Constructor with Default Arguments
• Constructor with Variable Number of Arguments: 
• Method overriding:
• Demo Program for Method overriding
• Constructor overriding 
• Calling parent class constructor from child class constructor
• Programs

        20. OOPS Part 4 – abstract class, interface, etc

• In python which things we can make as an abstract?
• There are two types of methods in-terms of implementation
• Implemented method
• Un-implemented method
• So, how to declare abstract method
• abstract method
•  abstract class
•  If child class missed to provide abstract methods implementation, then
•  abstract class can contain concrete methods also
• Can abstract class contains more sub classes?
• On which scenario an abstract class contains more than one child classes?
• Abstract class object creation 
•  Different cases and scenarios for abstract class object creation
• Interface
• What is an interface?
• When should we go for …?
•  i.    Interface
• ii.    Abstract class
•  iii.    Normal class or concrete class
• Double underscore (Name mangling)
• __str__(self) method
• Programs

         21. Exceptional handling

• Syntax Errors
• Programmer responsible
• Runtime Errors
• Scenarios where runtime errors will occur?
• The normal flow of the execution
• Abnormal flow of the execution
• What we need to do if a program terminates abnormally
• What is an Exception?
• Is it really required to handle the exceptions?
• What is the meaning of the exception handling?
• Default Exception Handing in Python: 
• Exception hierarchy diagram
• Programmer focus
• Handling exceptions by using try except
•   i.    try block
•  ii.    except block
• try-except flow
• Control flow in try and except
•  i.    7 cases and scenarios with examples
• Printing exception information
• try with multiple except blocks
• Single except block can handle multiple exceptions
• Default except block
• finally block
• Why separate block for clean-up activities, can’t we write inside try and except blocks
• Coming to the try block
• Coming to the except block
• What is the speciality of final block?
• Control flow about finally block
•   i.    few cases and scenarios with examples
• Any situation like, finally will not execute?
• Control flow in try-except-finally
•  i.    6 cases and scenarios with examples
• Nested try-except-finally blocks 
•    i.    4 cases and scenarios with examples
• else block with try-except-finally
• At what time which block
• Various possible combinations of try-except-else-finally
• Types of Exceptions
• Predefined Exceptions
• User-defined Exceptions
• User-defined exceptions or Custom Exceptions
• Steps to follow to Define and Raise Customized Exceptions
• Programs

          22. File IO

• What is a file
• Types of Files
• Text files
• Binary Files
• file modes and their meanings
• Opening a File
• Various properties of File Object
• Writing data to text files
• Instead of overriding the content, how to append the content to the file
• writelines(argument)
• Reading Character Data from text files
• readline() method
• readlines() method
• with keyword
• Advantage
• The seek() and tell() methods
• How to check a specific file exists or not?  
• sys.exit(0)
• Program to print the number of lines, words and characters present in the given file?
• Working with Binary data
• Working with csv files
• Zipping and Unzipping Files
• To create Zip file
•  To perform unzip operation
• Working with Directories
• To know contents of directory
• Pickling and Unpickling of Objects
• Programs

         23. Database connectivity

• Data Storage Areas
• Temporary Storage Areas
• Permanent Storage Areas
• File Systems
• Databases
• Python Database Programming
• Standard Steps for Python database Programming
• import database specific module   
• Establish Connection.
• Create Cursor object
• In-built methods to execute the sql queries
• commit or rollback
• Fetch the result from the Cursor
• close the resources
• Important methods while working with Database
• i.    connect() 
• ii.    cursor() 
• iii.    execute()
• iv.    executescript() 
• v.    executemany() 
• vi.    commit()
• vii.     rollback() 
• viii.    fetchone() 
• ix.    fetchall() 
• x.    fetchmany(n)
• xi.    close() 
• Working with Oracle Database
• Installing cx_Oracle:  
• How to Test Installation
• Expected common errors while executing programs
• Programs

         24. Regular expressions

• What is Regular expression?
• When should we choose?
• The main important application areas of Regular Expressions are
• compile()
• finditer()
• On Match object we can call start(), end() and group() methods methods
• Character classes
• Pre-defined Character classes:  
• Quantifiers
• Important functions of re module
• i.    match()  
• ii.    fullmatch()  
• iii.    search()  
• iv.    findall()  
• v.    finditer()  
• vi.    sub()  
• vii.    subn()  
• viii.    split()  
• ix.    compile()  
• ^ symbol
• $ symbol
• Programs

          25. Multithreading

• Multi-Tasking
• Process based Multi-Tasking
• Where multi-tasking fits?
• Thread based Multi-tasking
• Where multi-tasking fits
• Areas of multi-threading
• The ways of Creating Thread in Python
• Creating a Thread without using any class
• Creating a Thread by inheriting Thread class
• Creating a Thread without inheriting Thread class
• Without multi-threading
• With multithreading
• Setting and Getting Name of a Thread:  
• How to get and set name of the thread
• Thread Identification Number (ident):
• active_count()
• enumerate() function
• isAlive()
• join() method
• join(seconds) method
• Daemon Threads
• Example: Garbage Collector
• setDaemon() method
• Default Nature
• Main Thread is always Non-Daemon
• Scenarios from previous program
• Synchronization
• How to overcome data inconsistency problems?
• How to implement synchronization
• i.    Lock 
• ii.   RLock 
• iii. Semaphore
• Synchronization By using Lock concept:
• acquire() method
• release() method
• Lock()
• Problem with Simple Lock
• RLock()
• Demo Program for synchronization by using RLock:
• Difference between Lock and RLock
• Synchronization by using Semaphore
• How to create a Semaphore object?
• BoundedSemaphore:
• Difference between Lock and Semaphore
• Inter-Thread Communication
• Interthread communication by using Event Objects
• Methods of Event class
• set()
• clear()
• isSet()
• wait() | wait(seconds)
• Interthread communication by using Condition Object
• Methods of Condition
• Interthread communication by using Queue:  
• Important Methods of Queue
• Types of Queues
• FIFO Queue
• LIFO Queue
• Propriety Queue
• Programs

          26. Logging module

• Why Logging is required?
• What is Logging
• The main advantages of logging  
• Can we use print statement for debugging?
• logging module
• How to implement Logging
• How to configure log file in over writing mode:
• How to Format log messages:
• To display only level name:
• To display levelname and message
• Add timestamp in the log messages: 
• change date and time format
• Writing Python program exceptions to the log file
• Problems with root logger
• Need of Our own customized logger: 
• Advanced logging Module Features
• Logger
• Steps for Advanced Logging
• Demo Program for File Handler:
• Programs

          27. Data Science

• What is Data science?
• Where python is using in Data science?
• Data science programs by using python

         28. IDEs explanation

• IntelliJ
• PyCharm